Subjects were recruited among outpatients who had CADs at three academic medical centers in Seoul, Korea. The subjects were selected from out-patients who understood and agreed to participate in the study. The requirements for the patient to beselected as a subject of this study were reviewed from the electronic medical records using the fol-lowing criteria:
(a) The patient had a diagnosis of angina pectoris or myocardial infarction;
(b) The patient did not have complication of severe arrhythmia or congestive heart failure;
(c) The patient was an adult over 20 years of age and was able to communicate in Korean.