Bricks in the 90% and 99% alumina classes are among the highest strength and
erosion resistant of refractory bricks. They are made from synthetic (Bayer process)
alumina aggregates, and some types may contain fused alumina for special
erosion resistance. It is not surprising that there are several distinct types of brick
in the 90% Al2O3 class.
The composition and properties of bricks in the 90% Al2O3 class are given
in Table 12. The type denoted “Fused alumina—mullite matrix” is a product
designed in the 1950s for channel induction furnaces for iron foundries. The
fused alumina provides very high erosion resistance to flowing molten iron.
The microstructure of this type is shown in Figure 9, where fused alumina
aggregate particles (white with rounded black pores) are surrounded by a gray
matrix containing a lighter mullite phase. Rounded pores are seen in Figure 9
with surface detail created by polishing media on resin impregnant (used for
polishing purposes).
The type denoted as “Tabular alumina—corundum matrix” is made from
coarse supercalcined alumina aggregates and reactive calcined alumina fines to
produce a “direct bonded” microstructure where alumina-to-alumina bonding
(corundum-to-corundum) predominates. This provides an obvious increase in hot
modulus of rupture (Table 12). The microstructure of this type of brick is shown
in Figure 10. In the lower field, a tabular alumina aggregate particle resides, and
it is connected to the matrix through bonds with smaller corundum crystals.
There is a practical limit on alumina content of about 96% Al2O3
(and 3.7% SiO2) in refractory brick for the highest-temperature applications.At compositions of higher alumina content, the products cannot be sintered in
conventional gas-fired kilns at sufficient temperatures to have good density and
PLC (reheat) properties. While 99% Al2O3 class bricks exist, they are primarily
used for low-temperature applications such as in chemical processes.
In the late 1970s, alumina-chrome bricks were developed. Chromic oxide
(Cr2O3) functions as a “sintering aid,” allowing for direct bonding to be achieved
at gas-fired kiln temperatures without resorting to the use of silica as a sintering
aid. The end result is a more refractory product than others in the 90% Al2O3
class because the alumina-chrome bricks exhibit only minimal SiO2 contents.
The hot modulus of rupture of these products is extremely high (Table 12).
The fired alumina chrome brick are of a “ruby” red color due to the formation
of an Al2O3–Cr2O3 solid solution during firing of the refractory brick.
A “spalling resistant” alumina-chrome product was subsequently developed,
and it found immediate application in a number of industrial furnaces
including incinerators. While the means of providing additional spalling
resistance are proprietary methods, they may include use of second phases like
zirconia (ZrO2) to provide additional fracture toughness.
Bricks in the 90% and 99% alumina classes are among the highest strength and
erosion resistant of refractory bricks. They are made from synthetic (Bayer process)
alumina aggregates, and some types may contain fused alumina for special
erosion resistance. It is not surprising that there are several distinct types of brick
in the 90% Al2O3 class.
The composition and properties of bricks in the 90% Al2O3 class are given
in Table 12. The type denoted “Fused alumina—mullite matrix” is a product
designed in the 1950s for channel induction furnaces for iron foundries. The
fused alumina provides very high erosion resistance to flowing molten iron.
The microstructure of this type is shown in Figure 9, where fused alumina
aggregate particles (white with rounded black pores) are surrounded by a gray
matrix containing a lighter mullite phase. Rounded pores are seen in Figure 9
with surface detail created by polishing media on resin impregnant (used for
polishing purposes).
The type denoted as “Tabular alumina—corundum matrix” is made from
coarse supercalcined alumina aggregates and reactive calcined alumina fines to
produce a “direct bonded” microstructure where alumina-to-alumina bonding
(corundum-to-corundum) predominates. This provides an obvious increase in hot
modulus of rupture (Table 12). The microstructure of this type of brick is shown
in Figure 10. In the lower field, a tabular alumina aggregate particle resides, and
it is connected to the matrix through bonds with smaller corundum crystals.
There is a practical limit on alumina content of about 96% Al2O3
(and 3.7% SiO2) in refractory brick for the highest-temperature applications.At compositions of higher alumina content, the products cannot be sintered in
conventional gas-fired kilns at sufficient temperatures to have good density and
PLC (reheat) properties. While 99% Al2O3 class bricks exist, they are primarily
used for low-temperature applications such as in chemical processes.
In the late 1970s, alumina-chrome bricks were developed. Chromic oxide
(Cr2O3) functions as a “sintering aid,” allowing for direct bonding to be achieved
at gas-fired kiln temperatures without resorting to the use of silica as a sintering
aid. The end result is a more refractory product than others in the 90% Al2O3
class because the alumina-chrome bricks exhibit only minimal SiO2 contents.
The hot modulus of rupture of these products is extremely high (Table 12).
The fired alumina chrome brick are of a “ruby” red color due to the formation
of an Al2O3–Cr2O3 solid solution during firing of the refractory brick.
A “spalling resistant” alumina-chrome product was subsequently developed,
and it found immediate application in a number of industrial furnaces
including incinerators. While the means of providing additional spalling
resistance are proprietary methods, they may include use of second phases like
zirconia (ZrO2) to provide additional fracture toughness.
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