3.3.7.1 The role of heat
The main function of heat in food processing is to inactivate pathogenic and spoilage organisms, as well as enzyme inactivation to preserve foods and extend shelf life. Other advantages of heat processing include the destruction of anti-nutritional components of foods (e.g., trypsin inhibitors in legumes), improving the digestibility of proteins, gelatinization of starches, and the release of niacin. Higher temperatures for shorter periods achieved the same shelf life extension as food treated at lower temperatures and longer periods, and allowed retention of sensory and nutritional properties.
3.3.7.2 Hot water
Hot water plays an important role in the sanitation of food products before processing. Some food products are treated with hot water to eliminate insects, and to inactivate microorganisms and enzymes. Foods are retained in a water blancher at 70-100°C for a specific time and then removed to a dewatering and cooling system.
3.3.7.3 Steam
Steam is a more effective means than hot water for blanching foods such as fruits and vegetables. This method is especially suitable for foods with large areas of cut surfaces. It retains more soluble compounds and requires smaller volumes of waste for disposal than those from water blanchers. This is particularly so if air-, rather than water-cooling is used. Furthermore, steam blanchers are easier to clean and sterilize.
3.3.7.4 Effects of heat on aerobic and anaerobic mesophylic bacteria, yeasts, and moulds
Temperatures ranging from 10 to 15°C above the optimum temperature for growth will destroy vegetative cells of bacteria, yeasts, and moulds. Most vegetative cells, as well as viruses, are destroyed when subjected to temperatures of 60 to 80°C for an appropriate time. Somewhat higher temperatures may be needed for thermophilic or thermoduric microorganisms. All vegetative cells are killed in 10 min at 100°C and many spores are destroyed in 30 min at 100°C. Some spores, however, will resist heating at 100°C for several hours.
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3.3.7.1 The role of heat
The main function of heat in food processing is to inactivate pathogenic and spoilage organisms, as well as enzyme inactivation to preserve foods and extend shelf life. Other advantages of heat processing include the destruction of anti-nutritional components of foods (e.g., trypsin inhibitors in legumes), improving the digestibility of proteins, gelatinization of starches, and the release of niacin. Higher temperatures for shorter periods achieved the same shelf life extension as food treated at lower temperatures and longer periods, and allowed retention of sensory and nutritional properties.
3.3.7.2 Hot water
Hot water plays an important role in the sanitation of food products before processing. Some food products are treated with hot water to eliminate insects, and to inactivate microorganisms and enzymes. Foods are retained in a water blancher at 70-100°C for a specific time and then removed to a dewatering and cooling system.
3.3.7.3 Steam
Steam is a more effective means than hot water for blanching foods such as fruits and vegetables. This method is especially suitable for foods with large areas of cut surfaces. It retains more soluble compounds and requires smaller volumes of waste for disposal than those from water blanchers. This is particularly so if air-, rather than water-cooling is used. Furthermore, steam blanchers are easier to clean and sterilize.
3.3.7.4 Effects of heat on aerobic and anaerobic mesophylic bacteria, yeasts, and moulds
Temperatures ranging from 10 to 15°C above the optimum temperature for growth will destroy vegetative cells of bacteria, yeasts, and moulds. Most vegetative cells, as well as viruses, are destroyed when subjected to temperatures of 60 to 80°C for an appropriate time. Somewhat higher temperatures may be needed for thermophilic or thermoduric microorganisms. All vegetative cells are killed in 10 min at 100°C and many spores are destroyed in 30 min at 100°C. Some spores, however, will resist heating at 100°C for several hours.
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