Residual glass phase is generally desired in sealing glass-ceramics to release thermal stress and heal micro-cracks at the sealing interface, due to its unique visco-elastic flow.
31 Greatefforts have thus been made to reduce the crystallization tendency of sealing glass-ceramics.32 It has also been reported that boron-containing phases, e.g., CaB2O4 and CaB4O7, can healthe micro-cracks in glass-ceramics upon heating to a temperature
below their melting temperatures.33,34 Therefore, the increasingBiBO3 content in glass-ceramics with increasing Bi2O3 content will be beneficial for the self-healing property of sealing glass-ceramics, due to its low melting temperature (685 ± 5 ◦C).
35 Furthermore, the detected bismuth contents from volatile species are 0.48 and 0.91 ppm for glass#2Bi2O3 and