In Toye’s (1987) view the counterrevolution specifically in development economics was extended by Deepak Lal, an economist important in part because he was from the Third World. Lal (1980, 1983) argued that the death of development economics would promote the health of the developing countries. Development economics, Lal said, had perverted standard economic principles, such as the efficiency of price mechanisms or the efficacy of free trade, in the belief that developing countries were special cases rather than being merely further examples of universal rational behavior. For Lal, instead, the fundamental classical and neoclassi- cal ideas about growth in the developed countries applied also to the developing countries (that is, Lal took the position of monoeconomics— one kind of economics for all places). For Lal, in a necessarily imperfect world, imperfect market mechanisms do better, in practice, than imperfect state planning mechanisms. Lal argued against redistributing income from rich to poor people. On standard classical economic grounds, Lal was against all economic controls or governmental interventions and for “liberalizing” financial and trade controls in advocating a return to nearly free trade regimes.