2.1 Concepts
 According to Berkowitz (1972), there are three basic schools of thought regarding the meaning of “attitude”. One school regards an attitude as an evaluation or feeling or reaction such as favorableness or unfavorableness towards an object or issue. The second school defines an attitude as a readiness to respond in a particular way with regard to the attitude object. The third school thinks of attitude as a constellation of cognitive, affective, and conative components, interrelated ways of understanding, feeling about, and acting towards the attitude object or issue. In fact, Berkowitz maintains that attitude change is a complex process involving various factors such as source of communication, nature of the message, and the personality characteristics of the person.
 As stated by Hallorah (1967), there are three main sources of attitudes: direct experience with the objects and situations, explicit and implicit learning from others, and personality development. However, people are always adopting, modifying, and abandoning attitudes to fit their ever-changing needs and interests. Attitude change depends on the presenter of the knowledge, the way it is presented, the perception of the person which relates to his/her intelligence and readiness to accept change.
 As shown by Choy and Troudi (2006), students’ attitudes and perceptions towards the learning process could be important in determining how well they learn, and that all learning is based on situations to which learners are exposed. It means positive attitude of students in learning English helps them to learn better.
 According to Herber Kelman (1958, 1961) as cited in Collins and Ashmore (1970, 22-25) there are three processes of attitude change, compliance, identification ,and internalization. Attitude change because of compliance can occur when an individual wants to obtain a reinforcement or avoid a punishment from the source. Attitude change because of identification occurs when an individual adopts behavior derived from another person or group because this behaviour is associated with a satisfying self-defining relationship to this person or group. Attitudinal change because of internalization occurs when an individual accepts influence because the induced behaviour is congruent with his value system.