Idle/Waiting + Unnecessary Motion waste: This waste involves the waste of human resources. The paper suggests that the increase of resource flexibility will rescue this waste and will make production run smoother. Work improvement such as work sampling and micro motion studies can help to provide useful production data. The capacity can then be improved after reducing idle time. However, during the change stage, they need to handle the resistance to change while maintaining quality. After closing the gaps among teams, there is a win-win solution: the production line can gain more utilisation and operators can improve their skills in wider areas. Production can operate with a more flexible operation, which requires more skill