In Third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) long-term evolution (LTE), small cells draw significant attention on both the physical and higher layer [3], [4], where impacts on the RAN protocol and system architecture are discussed.
As networks become denser, intercell interference increases and interference scenarios become more complex due to multitier interference. Furthermore, the higher the deployment density, the
higher the chance that a RAP will carry no or only low traffic-load due to spatial and temporal traffic fluctuations.