(approximately 70%) of three major carp species, Labeo rohita, Catla
catla, and Cirrhinus mrigala [1]. Intensive rearing in aquaculture
generates environmental stress to fish that can increase susceptibility
to various pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and
parasites [2]. Such disease outbreaks may result in increased mortality
or inferior meat quality, thereby causing enormous economic
losses to producers and reduced profit margins. The most common
and frequently encountered bacterial pathogen in freshwater
aquaculture is Aeromonas hydrophila, which causes severe damage
to carp production [3]. Typically, antibiotics, vaccines, and chemotherapeutics
are used to control diseases, but overuse of antibiotics
(approximately 70%) of three major carp species, Labeo rohita, Catlacatla, and Cirrhinus mrigala [1]. Intensive rearing in aquaculturegenerates environmental stress to fish that can increase susceptibilityto various pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, andparasites [2]. Such disease outbreaks may result in increased mortalityor inferior meat quality, thereby causing enormous economiclosses to producers and reduced profit margins. The most commonand frequently encountered bacterial pathogen in freshwateraquaculture is Aeromonas hydrophila, which causes severe damageto carp production [3]. Typically, antibiotics, vaccines, and chemotherapeuticsare used to control diseases, but overuse of antibiotics
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