2. Theoretical Background……………………………………………8 2.1 Approaches to second language reading…………………………………….8 2.1.1 Bottom-up approaches to second language reading…………………...9 2.1.2 Top-down approaches to second language reading…………………...10 2.1.3 Interactive approaches to second language reading……………..........11 2.2 Cloze tests…………………………………………………………………...12 2.2.1 Types of cloze tests……………………………………………………12 2.2.2 The construct validity of cloze tests…………………………………..13 2.2.3 Previous work on test-taking processes for cloze tests……………….14 2.2.3.1 The standard, fixed-ratio cloze test……………………………15 2.2.3.2 The selective-deletion or rational cloze test…………………...16 2.2.3.3 The multiple-choice cloze test…………………………………17 2.2.3.4 The C-test …………………………………………………...…18 2.2.3.5 The banked cloze test………………………………………….19 2.3 Vocabulary acquisition ……………………………………………………...20 2.3.1 The interactionist theory………………………………………………20 2.3.2 Word meaning theory…………………………………………………21 2.3.3 Semantic network theory……………………………………………...22 2.3.4 Comprehensible input theory………………………………………….23 2.3.5 Incidental focus on form………………………………………………24 2.3.6 Intentional vocabulary learning……………………………………….26