The hallmark of intelligent packaging systems is to
enhance the communication aspect of a package, such as
to dynamically reflect the actual quality of the food in
real time, as oppose to the static “Best Before” and “Use
By” dating approach. This type of advanced packaging is
useful to increase the efficacy of information transfer during
product distribution chain via innovative communication
methods such as intelligent tags (e.g., radiofrequency
identity tags, time-temperature indicators, oxygen
and carbon dioxide sensors, freshness indicators)
(Kerry, O’grady, & Hogan, 2006; von Bultzingslowen
et al., 2002). The key elements of nanotechnology-based
intelligent packaging system are summarized in Fig. 5.
The indicator/sensor, fabricated using suitable nanotechnology,
can interact with internal factors (food components
and headspace species) and/or external environmental factors
(blue arrows). As a result of this interaction, the indicator/
sensor will generate a response (e.g., visual cue,
electrical signal) that correlate with the state of the food
product. The information generated not only is useful for
communication with the consumers by informing them
about the safety and quality of the products, but can also