With regard to access to computers, large-scale one-to-one computing programs have been implemented in many
countries globally (Bebell & O'Dwyer, 2010; Fleischer, 2012; Zucker & Light, 2009), such that elementary- and middle-school
students and their teachers have their own mobile devices. In addition, in terms of promoting innovation in education via
information technology, not only does mobile computing support traditional lecture-style teaching, but through convenient