All the great human events in history were probably achieved by what we today
would call public administration. Organization and management practices in collective
or public settings are certainly as old as civilization, and significant changes
in those practices tend to accompany historical shifts in mass-scale social organization
and operation. For example, the transition from feudal society to the extended
nation-state was made possible by the centralization of policy, on the one
hand, and the decentralization of policy implementation, on the other (Tout ;
Ellul ; Chrimes ). The colonial era would be described the same way,
but on a worldwide scale (Gladden ). There are splendid comparisons of
British, French, Portuguese, Dutch, and Belgian approaches to issues of colonial
centralization and decentralization, the management of courts, and the organization
and management of navies and armies (Gladden , –). Extensive
archaeological research indicates that early Armenian civilizations were built on
rather elaborate forms of administration (Von Hagen ; Prescott ; Mason
; Morley ). In China, the Sung dynasty (A.D. –) “maintained
substantially the traditional Chinese system of government and administration.
The Emperor, who was supreme, was advised and assisted by a Council of State
whose members, varying from five to nine, supervised individually the several organs
of Administration, which were grouped under () the Secretariat-Chancellery,
() the Finance Commission, and () the Bureau of Military Affairs” (Gladden
, ; Yutang ; Loewe ; Balazs ; Weber )
All the great human events in history were probably achieved by what we today
would call public administration. Organization and management practices in collective
or public settings are certainly as old as civilization, and significant changes
in those practices tend to accompany historical shifts in mass-scale social organization
and operation. For example, the transition from feudal society to the extended
nation-state was made possible by the centralization of policy, on the one
hand, and the decentralization of policy implementation, on the other (Tout ;
Ellul ; Chrimes ). The colonial era would be described the same way,
but on a worldwide scale (Gladden ). There are splendid comparisons of
British, French, Portuguese, Dutch, and Belgian approaches to issues of colonial
centralization and decentralization, the management of courts, and the organization
and management of navies and armies (Gladden , –). Extensive
archaeological research indicates that early Armenian civilizations were built on
rather elaborate forms of administration (Von Hagen ; Prescott ; Mason
; Morley ). In China, the Sung dynasty (A.D. –) “maintained
substantially the traditional Chinese system of government and administration.
The Emperor, who was supreme, was advised and assisted by a Council of State
whose members, varying from five to nine, supervised individually the several organs
of Administration, which were grouped under () the Secretariat-Chancellery,
() the Finance Commission, and () the Bureau of Military Affairs” (Gladden
, ; Yutang ; Loewe ; Balazs ; Weber )
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สิ่งที่ยิ่งใหญ่ที่สุดในประวัติศาสตร์มนุษย์ เหตุการณ์อาจจะบรรลุสิ่งที่เราวันนี้
จะเรียกว่าการบริหาร องค์การและการจัดการการปฏิบัติในกลุ่ม
หรือการตั้งค่าที่สาธารณะอย่างแน่นอนเช่นเดิมเป็นอารยธรรม และการเปลี่ยนแปลงที่สำคัญในการปฏิบัติเหล่านั้น
มักจะเป็นเพื่อนกะ มวลขนาดองค์กรทางสังคม
และปฏิบัติการทางประวัติศาสตร์ ตัวอย่างเช่น the transition from feudal society to the extended
nation-state was made possible by the centralization of policy, on the one
hand, and the decentralization of policy implementation, on the other (Tout ;
Ellul ; Chrimes ). The colonial era would be described the same way,
but on a worldwide scale (Gladden ). There are splendid comparisons of
British, French, Portuguese, Dutch, and Belgian approaches to issues of colonial
centralization and decentralization, the management of courts, and the organization
and management of navies and armies (Gladden , –). Extensive
archaeological research indicates that early Armenian civilizations were built on
rather elaborate forms of administration (Von Hagen ; Prescott ;เมสัน
; Morley ) ในประเทศจีน ราชวงศ์ซัง ( พ.ศ. – )
" รักษาแบบจีนอย่างมาก ระบบบริหารราชการและ .
จักรพรรดิที่ถูกศาลฎีกา ได้แนะนำและช่วยเหลือ โดยสภาแห่งรัฐ
ที่มีสมาชิกแตกต่างกันจากห้าถึงเก้า มีบุคคลหลายอวัยวะ
ของการบริหาร which were grouped under () the Secretariat-Chancellery,
() the Finance Commission, and () the Bureau of Military Affairs” (Gladden
, ; Yutang ; Loewe ; Balazs ; Weber )
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