Overall, the most dominant ant species
are invasive non-forest ants such as A. gracilipes
and Odontoponera denticulata. In oil palm and
rubber plantations, O. denticulata replaced a spe-
cies of the same genus found in forest and jungle
rubber, Odontoponera transversa, These two re-
lated species can be used as bio-indicators, be-
cause they seem to have different adaptability and
different habit preferences, as already suggested
by a previous study, in which O. denticulata were
only found in urban areas, while O. transversa
were found only in relatively intact forests (Rizali
et al. 2008).