- ข้อความ
- ประวัติศาสตร์
Although the functional outcomes, c
Although the functional outcomes, complications and
psychosocial implications of traumatic SCI have been
extensively studied there has been comparatively little
work into these issues in non-traumatic SCI. However, the
wide range of aetiologies of non-traumatic SCI and the
different demographic patterns offer a unique challenge to
the health-care team who need to ensure that care and
rehabilitation is tailored to the needs and abilities of
patients with non-traumatic SCI who are often rehabilitated
alongside people with traumatic SCI. New and Epi
(2007) suggest that health professionals may underestimate
the rehabilitation potential for older adults. They
may have reduced functional reserves, additional conditions
and are more likely to have been physically disabled
prior to the SCI. This means that they have specialized
medical and nursing care needs and require optimal discharge
planning and support services. However, goal setting
is an important concept in the successful rehabilitation
of patients with SCI, but in patients who have had an
acute, non-traumatic onset of disability it may be diffi cult
to predict the recovery course and outcomes which makes
accurate goal setting problematic (Playford et al, 2002).
Patients with non-traumatic SCI are less likely to develop
certain medical complications such as deep vein
thrombosis, pressure ulcers, spasticity, autonomic dysrefl
exia (life-threatening autonomic response to a noxious
stimulus below the level of the lesion), orthostatic (postural)
hypotension and pneumonia, than those with traumatic
SCI, because their spinal cord injury is more likely
to be incomplete and at a lower neurological level
(McKinley et al, 2002). Despite this, medical problems
such as urinary tract infections, and psychological problems
such as depression and adjustment diffi culties mean
that the key areas of disability such as self-care, transfers,
mobility, and bladder and bowel function that require
inpatient rehabilitation remain the same (New et al, 2002;
New, 2005).
The lack of research, and particularly nursing research,
into non-traumatic SCI may hinder the application of evidence-
based care. For example, most tools for predicting
pressure ulcer formation have been developed in care of
older adult settings and, although they have been evaluated
to some extent in traumatic SCI care, the factors applicable
to these patients may not be relevant to patients with
non-traumatic SCI because of their differing demographic
characteristics and associated medical/surgical conditions
(New et al, 2004). Patients with non-traumatic SCI may
be at higher risk of poor wound healing and wound infection
due to associated conditions either because of their
age (diabetes mellitus or peripheral vascular disease) or
the condition that caused their spinal injury such as radiation
therapy, corticosteroids or immunosuppression
(McKinley et al, 2002).
Patients whose SCI is due to cancer will need support to
cope with both the cancer and its treatment and the SCI,
particularly as the tumour is often due to metastasis and
therefore indicates terminal illness2000). Nurses have an important role in providing emotional
and psychological support for patients and their
families, who will be anxious and distressed and who can
be helped by nurses to communicate receive relevant
information (Walker, 2002). Long-standing neuropathic
pain is a major cause of distress and has been described as
one of the most challenging problems after non-traumatic
SCI with females and patients with spinal tumours most
likely to suffer pain (Werhagen et al, 2007). Ongoing pain
is associated with depression and quality of life, and rehabilitation
should encompass both medication and psychological
pain control interventions such as relaxation and
distraction (North, 1999). Medication used to control pain
needs to be carefully monitored in older patients with
non-traumatic SCI with less tolerance to those drugs to
prevent over medication (McKinley et al, 2002).People with SCI whether traumatic or non-traumatic
can experience a dramatic change in their lifestyle, and
patients with non-traumatic SCI often have to cope with
additional medical conditions. It is interesting that despite
this Payne et al (2006) found that after discharge from
hospital, satisfaction with life does not differ signifi cantly
between people with traumatic and non-traumatic SCI.
However, Hammell (2004) cautions that life satisfaction
measures are considered to be most suited for people over
age 65 years, whereas the average age for people with
traumatic SCI is between ages 16 and 30 years. Therefore
bearing in mind the different demographic patterns
between traumatic and non-traumatic SCI these fi ndings
do need to be treated with some caution.
psychosocial implications of traumatic SCI have been
extensively studied there has been comparatively little
work into these issues in non-traumatic SCI. However, the
wide range of aetiologies of non-traumatic SCI and the
different demographic patterns offer a unique challenge to
the health-care team who need to ensure that care and
rehabilitation is tailored to the needs and abilities of
patients with non-traumatic SCI who are often rehabilitated
alongside people with traumatic SCI. New and Epi
(2007) suggest that health professionals may underestimate
the rehabilitation potential for older adults. They
may have reduced functional reserves, additional conditions
and are more likely to have been physically disabled
prior to the SCI. This means that they have specialized
medical and nursing care needs and require optimal discharge
planning and support services. However, goal setting
is an important concept in the successful rehabilitation
of patients with SCI, but in patients who have had an
acute, non-traumatic onset of disability it may be diffi cult
to predict the recovery course and outcomes which makes
accurate goal setting problematic (Playford et al, 2002).
Patients with non-traumatic SCI are less likely to develop
certain medical complications such as deep vein
thrombosis, pressure ulcers, spasticity, autonomic dysrefl
exia (life-threatening autonomic response to a noxious
stimulus below the level of the lesion), orthostatic (postural)
hypotension and pneumonia, than those with traumatic
SCI, because their spinal cord injury is more likely
to be incomplete and at a lower neurological level
(McKinley et al, 2002). Despite this, medical problems
such as urinary tract infections, and psychological problems
such as depression and adjustment diffi culties mean
that the key areas of disability such as self-care, transfers,
mobility, and bladder and bowel function that require
inpatient rehabilitation remain the same (New et al, 2002;
New, 2005).
The lack of research, and particularly nursing research,
into non-traumatic SCI may hinder the application of evidence-
based care. For example, most tools for predicting
pressure ulcer formation have been developed in care of
older adult settings and, although they have been evaluated
to some extent in traumatic SCI care, the factors applicable
to these patients may not be relevant to patients with
non-traumatic SCI because of their differing demographic
characteristics and associated medical/surgical conditions
(New et al, 2004). Patients with non-traumatic SCI may
be at higher risk of poor wound healing and wound infection
due to associated conditions either because of their
age (diabetes mellitus or peripheral vascular disease) or
the condition that caused their spinal injury such as radiation
therapy, corticosteroids or immunosuppression
(McKinley et al, 2002).
Patients whose SCI is due to cancer will need support to
cope with both the cancer and its treatment and the SCI,
particularly as the tumour is often due to metastasis and
therefore indicates terminal illness2000). Nurses have an important role in providing emotional
and psychological support for patients and their
families, who will be anxious and distressed and who can
be helped by nurses to communicate receive relevant
information (Walker, 2002). Long-standing neuropathic
pain is a major cause of distress and has been described as
one of the most challenging problems after non-traumatic
SCI with females and patients with spinal tumours most
likely to suffer pain (Werhagen et al, 2007). Ongoing pain
is associated with depression and quality of life, and rehabilitation
should encompass both medication and psychological
pain control interventions such as relaxation and
distraction (North, 1999). Medication used to control pain
needs to be carefully monitored in older patients with
non-traumatic SCI with less tolerance to those drugs to
prevent over medication (McKinley et al, 2002).People with SCI whether traumatic or non-traumatic
can experience a dramatic change in their lifestyle, and
patients with non-traumatic SCI often have to cope with
additional medical conditions. It is interesting that despite
this Payne et al (2006) found that after discharge from
hospital, satisfaction with life does not differ signifi cantly
between people with traumatic and non-traumatic SCI.
However, Hammell (2004) cautions that life satisfaction
measures are considered to be most suited for people over
age 65 years, whereas the average age for people with
traumatic SCI is between ages 16 and 30 years. Therefore
bearing in mind the different demographic patterns
between traumatic and non-traumatic SCI these fi ndings
do need to be treated with some caution.
0/5000
Although the functional outcomes, complications andpsychosocial implications of traumatic SCI have beenextensively studied there has been comparatively littlework into these issues in non-traumatic SCI. However, thewide range of aetiologies of non-traumatic SCI and thedifferent demographic patterns offer a unique challenge tothe health-care team who need to ensure that care andrehabilitation is tailored to the needs and abilities ofpatients with non-traumatic SCI who are often rehabilitatedalongside people with traumatic SCI. New and Epi(2007) suggest that health professionals may underestimatethe rehabilitation potential for older adults. Theymay have reduced functional reserves, additional conditionsand are more likely to have been physically disabledprior to the SCI. This means that they have specializedmedical and nursing care needs and require optimal dischargeplanning and support services. However, goal settingis an important concept in the successful rehabilitationof patients with SCI, but in patients who have had anacute, non-traumatic onset of disability it may be diffi cultto predict the recovery course and outcomes which makesaccurate goal setting problematic (Playford et al, 2002).Patients with non-traumatic SCI are less likely to developcertain medical complications such as deep veinthrombosis, pressure ulcers, spasticity, autonomic dysreflexia (life-threatening autonomic response to a noxiousstimulus below the level of the lesion), orthostatic (postural)hypotension and pneumonia, than those with traumaticSCI, because their spinal cord injury is more likelyto be incomplete and at a lower neurological level(McKinley et al, 2002). Despite this, medical problemssuch as urinary tract infections, and psychological problemssuch as depression and adjustment diffi culties meanthat the key areas of disability such as self-care, transfers,mobility, and bladder and bowel function that requireinpatient rehabilitation remain the same (New et al, 2002;New, 2005).The lack of research, and particularly nursing research,into non-traumatic SCI may hinder the application of evidence-based care. For example, most tools for predictingpressure ulcer formation have been developed in care ofolder adult settings and, although they have been evaluatedto some extent in traumatic SCI care, the factors applicableto these patients may not be relevant to patients withnon-traumatic SCI because of their differing demographiccharacteristics and associated medical/surgical conditions(New et al, 2004). Patients with non-traumatic SCI maybe at higher risk of poor wound healing and wound infectiondue to associated conditions either because of theirage (diabetes mellitus or peripheral vascular disease) orthe condition that caused their spinal injury such as radiationtherapy, corticosteroids or immunosuppression(McKinley et al, 2002).Patients whose SCI is due to cancer will need support tocope with both the cancer and its treatment and the SCI,particularly as the tumour is often due to metastasis andtherefore indicates terminal illness2000). Nurses have an important role in providing emotionaland psychological support for patients and theirfamilies, who will be anxious and distressed and who canbe helped by nurses to communicate receive relevantinformation (Walker, 2002). Long-standing neuropathicpain is a major cause of distress and has been described asone of the most challenging problems after non-traumaticSCI with females and patients with spinal tumours mostlikely to suffer pain (Werhagen et al, 2007). Ongoing painis associated with depression and quality of life, and rehabilitationshould encompass both medication and psychologicalpain control interventions such as relaxation anddistraction (North, 1999). Medication used to control painneeds to be carefully monitored in older patients withnon-traumatic SCI with less tolerance to those drugs toprevent over medication (McKinley et al, 2002).People with SCI whether traumatic or non-traumaticcan experience a dramatic change in their lifestyle, andpatients with non-traumatic SCI often have to cope withadditional medical conditions. It is interesting that despitethis Payne et al (2006) found that after discharge fromhospital, satisfaction with life does not differ signifi cantlybetween people with traumatic and non-traumatic SCI.
However, Hammell (2004) cautions that life satisfaction
measures are considered to be most suited for people over
age 65 years, whereas the average age for people with
traumatic SCI is between ages 16 and 30 years. Therefore
bearing in mind the different demographic patterns
between traumatic and non-traumatic SCI these fi ndings
do need to be treated with some caution.
However, Hammell (2004) cautions that life satisfaction
measures are considered to be most suited for people over
age 65 years, whereas the average age for people with
traumatic SCI is between ages 16 and 30 years. Therefore
bearing in mind the different demographic patterns
between traumatic and non-traumatic SCI these fi ndings
do need to be treated with some caution.
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
Although the functional outcomes, complications and
psychosocial implications of traumatic SCI have been
extensively studied there has been comparatively little
work into these issues in non-traumatic SCI. However, the
wide range of aetiologies of non-traumatic SCI and the
different demographic patterns offer a unique challenge to
the health-care team who need to ensure that care and
rehabilitation is tailored to the needs and abilities of
patients with non-traumatic SCI who are often rehabilitated
alongside people with traumatic SCI. New and Epi
(2007) suggest that health professionals may underestimate
the rehabilitation potential for older adults. They
may have reduced functional reserves, additional conditions
and are more likely to have been physically disabled
prior to the SCI. This means that they have specialized
medical and nursing care needs and require optimal discharge
planning and support services. However, goal setting
is an important concept in the successful rehabilitation
of patients with SCI, but in patients who have had an
acute, non-traumatic onset of disability it may be diffi cult
to predict the recovery course and outcomes which makes
accurate goal setting problematic (Playford et al, 2002).
Patients with non-traumatic SCI are less likely to develop
certain medical complications such as deep vein
thrombosis, pressure ulcers, spasticity, autonomic dysrefl
exia (life-threatening autonomic response to a noxious
stimulus below the level of the lesion), orthostatic (postural)
hypotension and pneumonia, than those with traumatic
SCI, because their spinal cord injury is more likely
to be incomplete and at a lower neurological level
(McKinley et al, 2002). Despite this, medical problems
such as urinary tract infections, and psychological problems
such as depression and adjustment diffi culties mean
that the key areas of disability such as self-care, transfers,
mobility, and bladder and bowel function that require
inpatient rehabilitation remain the same (New et al, 2002;
New, 2005).
The lack of research, and particularly nursing research,
into non-traumatic SCI may hinder the application of evidence-
based care. For example, most tools for predicting
pressure ulcer formation have been developed in care of
older adult settings and, although they have been evaluated
to some extent in traumatic SCI care, the factors applicable
to these patients may not be relevant to patients with
non-traumatic SCI because of their differing demographic
characteristics and associated medical/surgical conditions
(New et al, 2004). Patients with non-traumatic SCI may
be at higher risk of poor wound healing and wound infection
due to associated conditions either because of their
age (diabetes mellitus or peripheral vascular disease) or
the condition that caused their spinal injury such as radiation
therapy, corticosteroids or immunosuppression
(McKinley et al, 2002).
Patients whose SCI is due to cancer will need support to
cope with both the cancer and its treatment and the SCI,
particularly as the tumour is often due to metastasis and
therefore indicates terminal illness2000). Nurses have an important role in providing emotional
and psychological support for patients and their
families, who will be anxious and distressed and who can
be helped by nurses to communicate receive relevant
information (Walker, 2002). Long-standing neuropathic
pain is a major cause of distress and has been described as
one of the most challenging problems after non-traumatic
SCI with females and patients with spinal tumours most
likely to suffer pain (Werhagen et al, 2007). Ongoing pain
is associated with depression and quality of life, and rehabilitation
should encompass both medication and psychological
pain control interventions such as relaxation and
distraction (North, 1999). Medication used to control pain
needs to be carefully monitored in older patients with
non-traumatic SCI with less tolerance to those drugs to
prevent over medication (McKinley et al, 2002).People with SCI whether traumatic or non-traumatic
can experience a dramatic change in their lifestyle, and
patients with non-traumatic SCI often have to cope with
additional medical conditions. It is interesting that despite
this Payne et al (2006) found that after discharge from
hospital, satisfaction with life does not differ signifi cantly
between people with traumatic and non-traumatic SCI.
However, Hammell (2004) cautions that life satisfaction
measures are considered to be most suited for people over
age 65 years, whereas the average age for people with
traumatic SCI is between ages 16 and 30 years. Therefore
bearing in mind the different demographic patterns
between traumatic and non-traumatic SCI these fi ndings
do need to be treated with some caution.
psychosocial implications of traumatic SCI have been
extensively studied there has been comparatively little
work into these issues in non-traumatic SCI. However, the
wide range of aetiologies of non-traumatic SCI and the
different demographic patterns offer a unique challenge to
the health-care team who need to ensure that care and
rehabilitation is tailored to the needs and abilities of
patients with non-traumatic SCI who are often rehabilitated
alongside people with traumatic SCI. New and Epi
(2007) suggest that health professionals may underestimate
the rehabilitation potential for older adults. They
may have reduced functional reserves, additional conditions
and are more likely to have been physically disabled
prior to the SCI. This means that they have specialized
medical and nursing care needs and require optimal discharge
planning and support services. However, goal setting
is an important concept in the successful rehabilitation
of patients with SCI, but in patients who have had an
acute, non-traumatic onset of disability it may be diffi cult
to predict the recovery course and outcomes which makes
accurate goal setting problematic (Playford et al, 2002).
Patients with non-traumatic SCI are less likely to develop
certain medical complications such as deep vein
thrombosis, pressure ulcers, spasticity, autonomic dysrefl
exia (life-threatening autonomic response to a noxious
stimulus below the level of the lesion), orthostatic (postural)
hypotension and pneumonia, than those with traumatic
SCI, because their spinal cord injury is more likely
to be incomplete and at a lower neurological level
(McKinley et al, 2002). Despite this, medical problems
such as urinary tract infections, and psychological problems
such as depression and adjustment diffi culties mean
that the key areas of disability such as self-care, transfers,
mobility, and bladder and bowel function that require
inpatient rehabilitation remain the same (New et al, 2002;
New, 2005).
The lack of research, and particularly nursing research,
into non-traumatic SCI may hinder the application of evidence-
based care. For example, most tools for predicting
pressure ulcer formation have been developed in care of
older adult settings and, although they have been evaluated
to some extent in traumatic SCI care, the factors applicable
to these patients may not be relevant to patients with
non-traumatic SCI because of their differing demographic
characteristics and associated medical/surgical conditions
(New et al, 2004). Patients with non-traumatic SCI may
be at higher risk of poor wound healing and wound infection
due to associated conditions either because of their
age (diabetes mellitus or peripheral vascular disease) or
the condition that caused their spinal injury such as radiation
therapy, corticosteroids or immunosuppression
(McKinley et al, 2002).
Patients whose SCI is due to cancer will need support to
cope with both the cancer and its treatment and the SCI,
particularly as the tumour is often due to metastasis and
therefore indicates terminal illness2000). Nurses have an important role in providing emotional
and psychological support for patients and their
families, who will be anxious and distressed and who can
be helped by nurses to communicate receive relevant
information (Walker, 2002). Long-standing neuropathic
pain is a major cause of distress and has been described as
one of the most challenging problems after non-traumatic
SCI with females and patients with spinal tumours most
likely to suffer pain (Werhagen et al, 2007). Ongoing pain
is associated with depression and quality of life, and rehabilitation
should encompass both medication and psychological
pain control interventions such as relaxation and
distraction (North, 1999). Medication used to control pain
needs to be carefully monitored in older patients with
non-traumatic SCI with less tolerance to those drugs to
prevent over medication (McKinley et al, 2002).People with SCI whether traumatic or non-traumatic
can experience a dramatic change in their lifestyle, and
patients with non-traumatic SCI often have to cope with
additional medical conditions. It is interesting that despite
this Payne et al (2006) found that after discharge from
hospital, satisfaction with life does not differ signifi cantly
between people with traumatic and non-traumatic SCI.
However, Hammell (2004) cautions that life satisfaction
measures are considered to be most suited for people over
age 65 years, whereas the average age for people with
traumatic SCI is between ages 16 and 30 years. Therefore
bearing in mind the different demographic patterns
between traumatic and non-traumatic SCI these fi ndings
do need to be treated with some caution.
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
แม้ว่าผลการทำงาน , ภาวะแทรกซ้อนและผลกระทบทางจิตสังคมวิทย์
จะได้เรียนอย่างกว้างขวาง มีเปรียบเทียบน้อย
ทำงานในปัญหาเหล่านี้ไม่ใช่ traumatic Sci . อย่างไรก็ตาม ช่วงกว้างของ aetiologies
ไม่ใช่ traumatic SCI และประชากรศาสตร์ที่แตกต่างกันรูปแบบนำเสนอความท้าทายที่ไม่ซ้ำ
สุขภาพทีมที่ต้องการเพื่อให้แน่ใจว่า การดูแลและ
การจะปรับให้เหมาะสมกับความต้องการและความสามารถของผู้ป่วยไม่ใช่ traumatic วิทย์
ที่มักจะควบคู่ไปกับการฟื้นฟูผู้ที่มีบาดแผล และสภาวะโลกร้อน ใหม่และ EPI
( 2007 ) แนะนำให้ผู้เชี่ยวชาญด้านสุขภาพอาจประมาท
การฟื้นฟูศักยภาพผู้สูงอายุ พวกเขาอาจจะลดสำรอง
การทำงานเพิ่มเติมเงื่อนไข และมีแนวโน้มที่จะได้รับการพิการทางร่างกาย
ก่อนที่จะ Sci . นี้หมายความ ว่า พวกเขามีความเชี่ยวชาญ
ทางการแพทย์และความต้องการการพยาบาล และต้องวางแผนและสนับสนุนบริการจำหน่าย
ที่ดีที่สุด อย่างไรก็ตาม การตั้งเป้าหมาย
เป็นแนวคิดที่สำคัญในความสำเร็จของการฟื้นฟูสมรรถภาพ
ผู้ป่วยวิทย์ แต่ในผู้ป่วยที่เคยเป็น
แหลม ไม่เกิดความพิการที่อาจจะ diffi ลัทธิ
ทำนายการกู้คืนหลักสูตรและผลซึ่งทำให้
การกำหนดเป้าหมายที่ถูกต้องปัญหา ( Playford et al , 2002 ) .
ผู้ป่วยไม่ใช่ traumatic วิทย์มีโอกาสน้อยที่จะพัฒนา
ภาวะแทรกซ้อนทางการแพทย์บางอย่างเช่นหลอดเลือดดำส่วนลึกอุดตัน ความดัน โรคกระเพาะ อาการเกร็ง
, ,
exia ระบบประสาทอัตโนมัติ dysrefl ( อันตรายถึงชีวิต มีการตอบสนองต่อการกระตุ้นพิษ
กว่าระดับของแผล ) , orthostatic ( ท่าทาง )
ความดันโลหิตต่ำ และปอดบวม มากกว่าผู้ที่มีบาดแผล
วิทย์ เพราะการบาดเจ็บไขสันหลังของพวกเขามีแนวโน้ม
จะไม่สมบูรณ์ และในระดับล่าง /
( แมคคินลีย์ et al , 2002 ) อย่างไรก็ตามปัญหาทางการแพทย์
เช่นการติดเชื้อทางเดินปัสสาวะและปัญหาทางจิต เช่น ซึมเศร้า และการปรับ diffi
culties หมายถึงที่พื้นที่ที่สำคัญของความพิการ เช่น การดูแลสุขภาพตนเอง , การโอน , กระเพาะปัสสาวะและลำไส้
การเคลื่อนไหว และการทำงานที่ต้องใช้
จะได้เรียนอย่างกว้างขวาง มีเปรียบเทียบน้อย
ทำงานในปัญหาเหล่านี้ไม่ใช่ traumatic Sci . อย่างไรก็ตาม ช่วงกว้างของ aetiologies
ไม่ใช่ traumatic SCI และประชากรศาสตร์ที่แตกต่างกันรูปแบบนำเสนอความท้าทายที่ไม่ซ้ำ
สุขภาพทีมที่ต้องการเพื่อให้แน่ใจว่า การดูแลและ
การจะปรับให้เหมาะสมกับความต้องการและความสามารถของผู้ป่วยไม่ใช่ traumatic วิทย์
ที่มักจะควบคู่ไปกับการฟื้นฟูผู้ที่มีบาดแผล และสภาวะโลกร้อน ใหม่และ EPI
( 2007 ) แนะนำให้ผู้เชี่ยวชาญด้านสุขภาพอาจประมาท
การฟื้นฟูศักยภาพผู้สูงอายุ พวกเขาอาจจะลดสำรอง
การทำงานเพิ่มเติมเงื่อนไข และมีแนวโน้มที่จะได้รับการพิการทางร่างกาย
ก่อนที่จะ Sci . นี้หมายความ ว่า พวกเขามีความเชี่ยวชาญ
ทางการแพทย์และความต้องการการพยาบาล และต้องวางแผนและสนับสนุนบริการจำหน่าย
ที่ดีที่สุด อย่างไรก็ตาม การตั้งเป้าหมาย
เป็นแนวคิดที่สำคัญในความสำเร็จของการฟื้นฟูสมรรถภาพ
ผู้ป่วยวิทย์ แต่ในผู้ป่วยที่เคยเป็น
แหลม ไม่เกิดความพิการที่อาจจะ diffi ลัทธิ
ทำนายการกู้คืนหลักสูตรและผลซึ่งทำให้
การกำหนดเป้าหมายที่ถูกต้องปัญหา ( Playford et al , 2002 ) .
ผู้ป่วยไม่ใช่ traumatic วิทย์มีโอกาสน้อยที่จะพัฒนา
ภาวะแทรกซ้อนทางการแพทย์บางอย่างเช่นหลอดเลือดดำส่วนลึกอุดตัน ความดัน โรคกระเพาะ อาการเกร็ง
, ,
exia ระบบประสาทอัตโนมัติ dysrefl ( อันตรายถึงชีวิต มีการตอบสนองต่อการกระตุ้นพิษ
กว่าระดับของแผล ) , orthostatic ( ท่าทาง )
ความดันโลหิตต่ำ และปอดบวม มากกว่าผู้ที่มีบาดแผล
วิทย์ เพราะการบาดเจ็บไขสันหลังของพวกเขามีแนวโน้ม
จะไม่สมบูรณ์ และในระดับล่าง /
( แมคคินลีย์ et al , 2002 ) อย่างไรก็ตามปัญหาทางการแพทย์
เช่นการติดเชื้อทางเดินปัสสาวะและปัญหาทางจิต เช่น ซึมเศร้า และการปรับ diffi
culties หมายถึงที่พื้นที่ที่สำคัญของความพิการ เช่น การดูแลสุขภาพตนเอง , การโอน , กระเพาะปัสสาวะและลำไส้
การเคลื่อนไหว และการทำงานที่ต้องใช้
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
ภาษาอื่น ๆ
การสนับสนุนเครื่องมือแปลภาษา: กรีก, กันนาดา, กาลิเชียน, คลิงออน, คอร์สิกา, คาซัค, คาตาลัน, คินยารวันดา, คีร์กิซ, คุชราต, จอร์เจีย, จีน, จีนดั้งเดิม, ชวา, ชิเชวา, ซามัว, ซีบัวโน, ซุนดา, ซูลู, ญี่ปุ่น, ดัตช์, ตรวจหาภาษา, ตุรกี, ทมิฬ, ทาจิก, ทาทาร์, นอร์เวย์, บอสเนีย, บัลแกเรีย, บาสก์, ปัญจาป, ฝรั่งเศส, พาชตู, ฟริเชียน, ฟินแลนด์, ฟิลิปปินส์, ภาษาอินโดนีเซี, มองโกเลีย, มัลทีส, มาซีโดเนีย, มาราฐี, มาลากาซี, มาลายาลัม, มาเลย์, ม้ง, ยิดดิช, ยูเครน, รัสเซีย, ละติน, ลักเซมเบิร์ก, ลัตเวีย, ลาว, ลิทัวเนีย, สวาฮิลี, สวีเดน, สิงหล, สินธี, สเปน, สโลวัก, สโลวีเนีย, อังกฤษ, อัมฮาริก, อาร์เซอร์ไบจัน, อาร์เมเนีย, อาหรับ, อิกโบ, อิตาลี, อุยกูร์, อุสเบกิสถาน, อูรดู, ฮังการี, ฮัวซา, ฮาวาย, ฮินดี, ฮีบรู, เกลิกสกอต, เกาหลี, เขมร, เคิร์ด, เช็ก, เซอร์เบียน, เซโซโท, เดนมาร์ก, เตลูกู, เติร์กเมน, เนปาล, เบงกอล, เบลารุส, เปอร์เซีย, เมารี, เมียนมา (พม่า), เยอรมัน, เวลส์, เวียดนาม, เอสเปอแรนโต, เอสโทเนีย, เฮติครีโอล, แอฟริกา, แอลเบเนีย, โคซา, โครเอเชีย, โชนา, โซมาลี, โปรตุเกส, โปแลนด์, โยรูบา, โรมาเนีย, โอเดีย (โอริยา), ไทย, ไอซ์แลนด์, ไอร์แลนด์, การแปลภาษา.
- ไอสัสเอ่ย
- The corrup Fujiwara were eventually ecli
- สรุปแล้วคุณมากจากประเทศไทยหรือเปล่า
- Passion
- หยุดใช้งาน
- ผลลัพธ์ (ภาษาอังกฤษ) 3:And we knew that
- ขนยาวมาก
- this is all salt fields.
- ก็
- สำเร็จ
- Duh tone
- Wife if u trust me u tell me.but i respe
- i am believe i can assist your company a
- i think only two piece
- สักรินทร์
- ทำอย่างไร
- ในปัจจุบันมีคนตกงานเพิ่มจำนวนมาก อาจเนื่
- particularly Web Conferences to be appli
- เรียนเพิ่มเติม
- Hello and thank you for downloading the
- ผลลัพธ์ (ภาษาอังกฤษ) 3:And we knew that
- คุณเดาไม่ถูกหรอก
- ฉันคิดไม่ถึงขั้นนั้น
- คุณเดาไม่ถูกหรอก
