Another important aspect is that SBE contains Si and Al (Table 2) that strengthens the ability of soil to hold nutrients. Due to the isomorphous substitution of Si4+ by Al3+ in the mineral structure of the earth and the containment of the negatively charged organic matter in it, SBE has a net negative surface charge. The negative charge associated with isomorphous substitution is considered permanent, that is, the charge does not change with pH changes. In this case, when SBE is associated with soil, it enhances soil characteristics and strengthens the negativity of soil surface charges in exchanging the positively charged ions of common nutrients such as Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Fe2+, Na+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Cu2+ and Ni2+. This further supports the increases of CEC in the presence of increased organic carbon (OC) in composted SBE.
Besides, a total pore volume of 0.165 cm3 g−1 for the SBE is indicative of a material that is not as good an adsorbent as activated carbon (0.459 cm3 g−1) but suffices to loosely bind the nutrients and release them slowly when needed by the crops. It shows adequate sorption/desorption capability. Once it is enhanced or composted, it increases water holding capacity, porosity and the adsorption capacity of nutrients. Unfortunately, there is not enough evidence at the moment to show that the structure and texture of composted SBE was indeed improved.
Another important aspect is that SBE contains Si and Al (Table 2) that strengthens the ability of soil to hold nutrients. Due to the isomorphous substitution of Si4+ by Al3+ in the mineral structure of the earth and the containment of the negatively charged organic matter in it, SBE has a net negative surface charge. The negative charge associated with isomorphous substitution is considered permanent, that is, the charge does not change with pH changes. In this case, when SBE is associated with soil, it enhances soil characteristics and strengthens the negativity of soil surface charges in exchanging the positively charged ions of common nutrients such as Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Fe2+, Na+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Cu2+ and Ni2+. This further supports the increases of CEC in the presence of increased organic carbon (OC) in composted SBE.
Besides, a total pore volume of 0.165 cm3 g−1 for the SBE is indicative of a material that is not as good an adsorbent as activated carbon (0.459 cm3 g−1) but suffices to loosely bind the nutrients and release them slowly when needed by the crops. It shows adequate sorption/desorption capability. Once it is enhanced or composted, it increases water holding capacity, porosity and the adsorption capacity of nutrients. Unfortunately, there is not enough evidence at the moment to show that the structure and texture of composted SBE was indeed improved.
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