The study of these encounters and interactions is a highly problematic venture, since all parties, including latter-day scholars, inevitably reflect their own cultural assumptions and preferences. Since the publication of Edward Said's Orientalism, a spirited postcolonial critique has attacked the imperialist, ethnocentric, and racist assumptions that often undergirded earlier generations of scholarship.Granting that scholars cannot entirely escape their own cultural inheritance, might there at least be some way to deal responsibly with other peoples and their societies? Or does historical analysis of other peoples inevitably say more about the observer than the observed?
While undoubtedly reflecting the perspectives of their own societies, many scholars have worked conscientiously to understand cultural encounters and exchanges that have sometimes had deep and lasting historical effects. Most of the resulting studies have dealt with interactions in specific regions, but they have often sought to illuminate larger historical patterns from local experiences. In any case, rather than viewing individual cultural traditions as coherent and self-sufficient systems, they have emphasized the roles of encounters, interactions, and exchanges in shaping cultural traditions. One strand of recent scholarship views cross-cultural interactions as functions of power relations. Greg Dening examined the destruction of Marquesan society under the pressure of European political, military, economic, and cultural power, for example, while Jean and John Comaroff portrayed Christian missions in nine-teenth-century Africa as cultural expressions of European imperialism. While also placing cultural interactions in larger political, social, and economic contexts, another strand of recent research emphasizes conscious cultural borrowing or reciprocal exchanges between peoples of different cultural traditions rather than the domination or displacement of one tradition by another. Thus it has become clear that ancient Greeks drew inspiration from their Egyptian and Semitic contemporaries – indeed that cultural exchanges flowed in all directions in the ancient Mediterranean basin – and that Spanish conquests in the Americas and Philippines did not lead so much to the blanket imposition of European Christianity as to the formation of syncretic traditions that made a place for indigenous interests and preserved pre-Christian cultural elements.
การศึกษาเหล่านี้พบ และโต้ตอบเป็นทุนมีปัญหามาก เนื่องจากทุกฝ่าย รวมทั้งนักวิชาการ latter-day ย่อมสะท้อนสมมติฐานทางวัฒนธรรมของตนเองและการตั้งค่า เนื่องจากประกาศของเอ็ดเวิร์ดกล่าวว่า Orientalism เซนเตอร์วาทวิจารณ์ได้โจมตีสมมติฐานจักรวรรดินิยม ethnocentric และเหยียดสีผิวที่มักจะ undergirded รุ่นก่อนหน้าของทุนการศึกษา สิทธิที่ นักวิชาการทั้งหมดไม่สามารถหนีสืบทอดวัฒนธรรมของตนเอง มีน้อยอาจบางไปจัดการรับผิดชอบกับคนอื่น ๆ และสังคมของพวกเขา หรือไม่วิเคราะห์ประวัติศาสตร์ของชนชาติอื่น ๆ ย่อมกล่าวเพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับดิออบเซิร์ฟเวอร์กว่าจะสังเกตหรือไม่While undoubtedly reflecting the perspectives of their own societies, many scholars have worked conscientiously to understand cultural encounters and exchanges that have sometimes had deep and lasting historical effects. Most of the resulting studies have dealt with interactions in specific regions, but they have often sought to illuminate larger historical patterns from local experiences. In any case, rather than viewing individual cultural traditions as coherent and self-sufficient systems, they have emphasized the roles of encounters, interactions, and exchanges in shaping cultural traditions. One strand of recent scholarship views cross-cultural interactions as functions of power relations. Greg Dening examined the destruction of Marquesan society under the pressure of European political, military, economic, and cultural power, for example, while Jean and John Comaroff portrayed Christian missions in nine-teenth-century Africa as cultural expressions of European imperialism. While also placing cultural interactions in larger political, social, and economic contexts, another strand of recent research emphasizes conscious cultural borrowing or reciprocal exchanges between peoples of different cultural traditions rather than the domination or displacement of one tradition by another. Thus it has become clear that ancient Greeks drew inspiration from their Egyptian and Semitic contemporaries – indeed that cultural exchanges flowed in all directions in the ancient Mediterranean basin – and that Spanish conquests in the Americas and Philippines did not lead so much to the blanket imposition of European Christianity as to the formation of syncretic traditions that made a place for indigenous interests and preserved pre-Christian cultural elements.
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