Cacciatore and Raffo (2011) described dual insults associated with maternal bereavement in lesbians, who suffer from a lack of social support common among all bereaved parents after the loss of a child, as well as from "chronic invalidation" (p. 175) of their same-sex relationship. This situation of "double-disenfranchisement" (p. 175) is complex. First, lesbians who seek to become parents can be disenfranchised from other lesbians for whom parenthood is understood as inconsistent with lesbian identity. Second, perinatal death per se can result in marginalization. In the context of societal marginalization related to their sexual identity (Cacciatore & Raffo), lesbian couples face significant challenges when pregnancy fails to occur or a loss ensues.