General Motors, before their recent reorganization, had significant problems of suboptimization. Their engineering and production divisions were so autonomous that they did not interface except through the President. A car body would be designed to meet appearance and safety requirements but could not be manufactured because of physical limitations of stamping or bending metal. The design would have to be sent back to engineering to be redone. Roger Smith, the CEO at the time, described the process: “Guys in Fisher Body would draw up a body and send the blueprint over and tell the guy, “Okay, you build it if you can, you …” And the guy at GMAD [production] would say, “Well, J___, there’s no dam way you can stamp metal like that, and there’s no way we can weld this stuff together.” Obviously, to be effective, the old functionally oriented structures need to be altered to bring down brriers.