While accountants’ ethical discourses in the early 20th century emphasized the correct character and state of mind of the accountant through exhortations of duty and loyalty, auditor independence is, today, largely conceived of as a product of regulation.
In the USA, auditor independence is defined by rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to include any situation or context in which ‘‘the accountant is not capable of exercising objective and impartial judgment on all issues encompassed within the accountants’ engagement.
In determining whether an accountant is independent, the Commission is entitled to examine all relevant circumstances, including all relationships between the accountant and the audit client.’’ (Macey and Sale, 2003, p. 1167).
North American courts have, over time, clarified the types of relationships between auditor and client that compromise auditor independence.
Certain employment relationships are prohibited; auditors and their family members cannot, for example, be employed as a director of an audit client nor can they be former employees of the client.
While accountants’ ethical discourses in the early 20th century emphasized the correct character and state of mind of the accountant through exhortations of duty and loyalty, auditor independence is, today, largely conceived of as a product of regulation. In the USA, auditor independence is defined by rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to include any situation or context in which ‘‘the accountant is not capable of exercising objective and impartial judgment on all issues encompassed within the accountants’ engagement.In determining whether an accountant is independent, the Commission is entitled to examine all relevant circumstances, including all relationships between the accountant and the audit client.’’ (Macey and Sale, 2003, p. 1167). North American courts have, over time, clarified the types of relationships between auditor and client that compromise auditor independence. Certain employment relationships are prohibited; auditors and their family members cannot, for example, be employed as a director of an audit client nor can they be former employees of the client.
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