In summary, and in line with other research (Blackman &
Rivera, 2010; Ruben & Zuniga, 2011), multi-certification tends
to enhance further specialization in coffee and has a clear positive price effect. Rising income shares from coffee do not necessarily result in higher household income, since non-certified
farms maintain strong investments in other cropping and livestock activities and further engagement in off-farm employment. Whereas certified farms thus diversify coffee outlets,
non-certified farms diversify their activity pattern.