In current commercial lithium-ion batteries, most widely adopted
separators are manufactured from polyolefins, predominantly
polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) [13e15]. These polyolefin
separators have well-tailored physical and electrochemical properties
in terms of practical application to cells. However, their poor
thermal stability, low porosity, and insufficient electrolyte wettability
often raise serious concerns about ionic transport (affecting
cell performance) and electrical isolation (related to cell safety)
between electrodes.