The NIAID workshop attendees discussed how best to characterize hematopoietic/immune cell subsets, as well as how to improve the overall ontological structure of the corresponding portions of the CL and of the CL ontology in general. The consensus view was that the current multiple inheritance structure of the CL is unsustainable and that existing and new terms for hematopoietic cells should be logically defined via their structural parts and qualities as represented in other ontologies. Much discussion centered on what might be the optimal axis of differentia for these hematopoietic terms. It was recognized that, in many cases, these cell types are defined largely, but not solely, by the expression of particular marker proteins either at the cell surface (e.g. receptor proteins) or internally (e.g. transcription factors). The presence of these proteins as part of a cell is considered a structural feature of the cell, and we have chosen to use the relation has_part (or an appropriate sub-relation) from the OBO Relation Ontology (RO) to relate particular cell types to protein terms from the Protein Ontology (PRO) or protein complex terms from the cellular component ontology of the Gene Ontology (GO) [7] and [8].
However, for certain cell types such as macrophages, the full molecular characterization of different types is still not complete in the literature, and anatomical location effectively serves as a major differentia for these cells, which can be expressed via the relation part_of. For other cell types, functional or lineage criteria serve as differentia for the complete definition of the cells. Functional criteria include the ability to execute or participate in particular processes that relate to individual cell types, such as those referred to by the GO biological process terms “leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity” or “cytokine production,” or processes that involve coordination of multiple cell types, such as that referred to by the GO term “T-helper 1 type immune response.” For this type of criteria we will use the capable_of type-level relation, defined in terms of the bearer_of and the realized_by type-level relations (these two relations will be incorporated in a future version of the RO). Formally, C capable_of P if there exists some D such that C bearer_of D and D realized_by P. Thus, we have focused on structural criteria where possible as the primary differentia, but have utilized other types of differentia when necessary. This flexibility is required to adhere to the commonly accepted biological definitions of individual cell types.
The Cell Ontology has been developed heretofore as an OBO-formatted ontology, and in developing the hematopoietic terms, we have relied on OBO-Edit 2.0 for editing the ontology, in conjunction with a text-editor for simpler modifications of the ontology file [9]. OBO-Edit provides textual and graphical interfaces that facilitate many aspects of ontology development, including the formation of cross-products, and the program worked well for our purposes.
The NIAID workshop attendees discussed how best to characterize hematopoietic/immune cell subsets, as well as how to improve the overall ontological structure of the corresponding portions of the CL and of the CL ontology in general. The consensus view was that the current multiple inheritance structure of the CL is unsustainable and that existing and new terms for hematopoietic cells should be logically defined via their structural parts and qualities as represented in other ontologies. Much discussion centered on what might be the optimal axis of differentia for these hematopoietic terms. It was recognized that, in many cases, these cell types are defined largely, but not solely, by the expression of particular marker proteins either at the cell surface (e.g. receptor proteins) or internally (e.g. transcription factors). The presence of these proteins as part of a cell is considered a structural feature of the cell, and we have chosen to use the relation has_part (or an appropriate sub-relation) from the OBO Relation Ontology (RO) to relate particular cell types to protein terms from the Protein Ontology (PRO) or protein complex terms from the cellular component ontology of the Gene Ontology (GO) [7] and [8].
However, for certain cell types such as macrophages, the full molecular characterization of different types is still not complete in the literature, and anatomical location effectively serves as a major differentia for these cells, which can be expressed via the relation part_of. For other cell types, functional or lineage criteria serve as differentia for the complete definition of the cells. Functional criteria include the ability to execute or participate in particular processes that relate to individual cell types, such as those referred to by the GO biological process terms “leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity” or “cytokine production,” or processes that involve coordination of multiple cell types, such as that referred to by the GO term “T-helper 1 type immune response.” For this type of criteria we will use the capable_of type-level relation, defined in terms of the bearer_of and the realized_by type-level relations (these two relations will be incorporated in a future version of the RO). Formally, C capable_of P if there exists some D such that C bearer_of D and D realized_by P. Thus, we have focused on structural criteria where possible as the primary differentia, but have utilized other types of differentia when necessary. This flexibility is required to adhere to the commonly accepted biological definitions of individual cell types.
The Cell Ontology has been developed heretofore as an OBO-formatted ontology, and in developing the hematopoietic terms, we have relied on OBO-Edit 2.0 for editing the ontology, in conjunction with a text-editor for simpler modifications of the ontology file [9]. OBO-Edit provides textual and graphical interfaces that facilitate many aspects of ontology development, including the formation of cross-products, and the program worked well for our purposes.
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