Fig. 1. Effect of porcine placenta extract on the activation of macrophage cells. (A) To test the cytotoxicity of porcine PE in mouse macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7 cells were cocultured with 10% PE for 8, 12 and 24 h. Cell viability was estimated at the indicated time points by Trypan Blue exclusion method. At each point untreated cells were used as control. (B) Porcine PE inhibits activation-dependent morphological change of RAW 264.7 cells upon LPS stimulation. Cells were cocultured overnight with 10% PE and then stimulated with LPS (1µg/ml). Cells were visualized under microscope to monitor morphological changes. (C) RAW 264.7 cells were cocultured overnight with 10% PE and then stimulated with LPS (1µg/ml). Total RNA was isolated and analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. Relative expression level of the TNF-α in the LPS and PE + LPS samples were compared with the control group. Results are expressed as percentage expression of the genes by taking the expression of the gene in LPS treated sample as 100%. (D) RAW 264.7 cells (2×106 cells/well) were stimulated with LPS (1µg/ml) for 8 h and 1µg/ml brefeldin A (Sigma) was added 10 h before the end of culture. Intracellular TNF-α was analyzed by FACS. Error bars indicates SD. One (*) asterisk indicates p< 0.05. Data are representative of three independent experiments.