For the purpose of this study, we defined mathematical interventions as
instructional practices and activities that attempt to enhance the mathematics
achievement of students with LD. We operationally defined LD as students with
an Individual Educational Plan (IEP) in mathematics and a designation of LD by
the school district. Thus we remind the reader that the conclusions reached are
limited in most cases to students identified as possessing learning disabilities in
mathematics. It is unclear how well these principles apply to students who do not
have learning disabilities in mathematics. However, the National Mathematics
Advisory Panel (2008), Baker, Gersten, and Lee (2002), and Kroesbergen and
Van Luit (2003) noted that many of these same principles are effective for
students considered "at risk" or "low achieving.” It is, of course, possible, even
probable that many of these techniques will also succeed with non-diagnosed
students who are experiencing difficulties in learning mathematics.