On day 0, shortening had different effects in crumb hardness. In
general, crumb hardness of S and C breads with 1 or 2 g/100 g of
emulsifier increased when shortening was eliminated. This effect
was also observed in T breads with 2 g/100 g of emulsifier. In
contrast, shortening level had no significant effect on CT breads
crumb hardness