For example, consider Classified Boards, a provision that staggers the terms and elections of directors and hence can be used to slow down a hostile takeover. If management uses this power judiciously, it could possibly lead to an increase in overall shareholder wealth; if management uses this power to maintain private benefits of control, then this provision would decrease shareholder wealth. In either case, it is clear that Classified Boards increase the power of managers and weaken the control rights of large shareholders, which is all that matters for constructing the index.