We found that the extensive rinsing with 1% T20 is useful for suppression of non-specific attachments of EDC adduct on the surface (false positive) as described in Supplementary information (Fig. S2). It also should be noted that the thiamine-immobilized surface does not contain any carboxyl group and no reactive site for chemical reaction with EDC and NHS. The distinct Vg of both samples is shown in Fig. 3a.