Fat replacement at both levels (50% and 70%) caused cake volume to significantly (P < 0.05) decrease (Fig. 4A). When 50% of fat was replaced, the crumb structure was similar to that of full-fat cakes (0%) in terms of total cell area (Fig. 4B) and individual
cell areas (Fig. 4D). In contrast, when 70% of fat was replaced, the total cell area and cell area values significantly(P < 0.05) increased (Fig. 4B and D). These results may be related to inulin and water incorporation, which lowered the viscoelastic
properties values and may also modify the setting mechanism.