15.As stated above, the Code Napoleon, by and large, reflected the values of the bourgeoisie. Another important characteristic of the Code Napoleon is that it separated the church from the state. Since, as explained above, rebus sic stantibus was initially applied by ecclesiastical courts when there was a suspicion of usury, it is not difficult to understand why rebus sic stantibus was left out of the Code Napoleon. The clause that enjoins the application of rebus sic stantibus to contracts, which are subject to French law, is art. 1134 of the Code Napoleon which reads: