The entry requirements may be justified with reference to the technical competence, professional skills, and professional values, ethics, and attitudes needed to successfully complete a professional accounting education program. This does not preclude requiring a university degree, or the qualifications needed to commence a university degree. When setting entry requirements, the IFAC member body may consider whether they are appropriate in each case, and are neither excessive nor trivial. An excessive barrier to entry may include prescribing specific subject qualifications from certain institutions, or a minimum length of specific work experience. The purpose of avoiding such excessive barriers is to allow flexibility of access to professional accounting education programs, not to dilute standards either of professional accounting education programs themselves or of the accounting profession. Rather, there is a range of entry and exit routes for professional accounting education programs, and different ways of achieving IPD.