In summary, the fundamental sources of a vendor’s comparative advantage stem from economies of specialization and scale. Moreover, certain attributes of client firms and industries including their relative inefficiency, their current investments in IT, their ability to make complementary investments, and demand-side volatility are determinants of their propensity to จัดจ้างคนภายนอก. Overall, while a few studies have shown its economic impact, there is a limited understanding of whether IT outsourcing results in productivity improvement for clients, which firms are likely to benefit, and the factors that enable IT service providers to create value for these firms.