In example (d) none of the above relations exist; the conjunction or conjunctive adjunct
‘afterwards’ is not an anaphoric relation like the previous ones; it does not instruct the reader
to search for the meaning of the element to interpret it as in reference, or the replacement of
some linguistic element by a counter or by a blank, as are substitution and ellipsis, “but a
specification of the way in which what is to follow is systematically connected to what has
gone before” (Halliday and Hasan, 1976: 227)