Additionally, 21st century learners are more focused on the skills needed to solve problems, rather than on the subject-specific content. Dr. Jerome Bruner (1960) was an advocate for teaching students processes, so that they could then apply the learned skills to a variety of subjects. Carol Dweck (2009) supports a growth mindset – one that encourages students’ growth, rather than stagnant knowledge. According to this frame of mind, students should be praised for growth in learning so that they do not develop a learned helplessness. Unfortunately, the alternative can be that students measure themselves by how smart they are in one particular domain and, thus, grow to think they are unsuccessful in life just because they are not as successful as their peers in that same domain. Ken Robinson speaks to prevent such learned help lessns by encouraging students to be creative in whatever intelligence is their strength (TED Talks, 2006). Creative thinking is just as important as academics, and creative thinking is a necessity to survive in the 21st century.