linkage from segment to segment) a time varying emf is produced with a phase 90° leading
the impressed conductive current. Furthermore, due to the presence of the substrate and
closely spaced metal segments, charge on each segment will cause charge to accumulate
and flow at the surface of the substrate as well on neighboring segments. This charge will
flow as a current 90° lagging the impressed voltage. Due to the finite conductivity of the
substrate, the induced substrate charge must flow through the lossy substrate, acting as an
additional source of loss.