biological and environmental factors in producing and eliminating conditioned responses. Further, Pavlov pioneered a set of experimental procedures, collectively known as conditioning, that allowed those who followed to apply the richness of the methodology to understanding the genesis of certain neurotic behavior patterns, and to design robust, empirically-validated behavior therapy regimens, such as systematic desensitization.
The applied legacy of Pavlov can be summarized by reviewing, as Eysenck (1988) has detailed, some of the major differences between Freudian psychotherapy and behavior therapy. In line with the rigor of Pavlov’s experimental method, behavior therapy, according to Eysenck, is based on a consistent theory leading to testable deductions (some of which have been discussed in this paper); it is derived from experimental studies (such as Wolpe’s experiments on conditioning and counter-conditioning); behavior therapists consider symptoms as unadaptive conditioned responses (similar to Wolpe’s definition of “experimental neuroses”); behavior therapists believe that symptomatology is determined in part by accidental environmental circumstances (as seen in the basic procedures employed by Pavlov and his students); all treatment of neurotic disorders is concerned with habits existing at present (as exemplified by our discussion of systematic desensitization); “cures” in behavior therapy are achieved by treating the symptom itself, that is, by extinguishing unadaptive CRs and establishing desirable CRs (again, exemplified by systematic desensitization); symptomatic treatment leads to permanent recovery provided autonomic as well as skeletal CRs are extinguished (as seen in Wolpe’s focus on reciprocal inhibition and learning); and personal relations are not essential for cures, although they may be useful (especially as a source of social reinforcement). The debt that modern behavior therapy owes to the prolific and heuristic research paradigm generated by Pavlov, and extended by his students such as Eroféeva and Shenger- Krestovnikova, is both significant and enduring. Not only did Pavlov provide much of the intellectual impetus for the founding of the behavior therapy movement, but the conditioning-based procedures he pioneered continue to provide a stimulus for theoretical and procedural refinements for modern behavior therapy. As Eifert and Plaud (1998) conclude in their analysis of the relevance of behavior theory for behavior therapy, while the behavior therapy movement has been a notable achievement in the history of psychological science, and the behaviorisms (such as Pavlovian behaviorism) have made important contributions to the growing success of behavior therapy, the field will ultimately be more successful if it continues to draw upon the resources created by recent advances in basic behavioral theory and research. It is clear that the Pavlovian paradigm offers the resources required to build conceptual, methodological, and practical bridges that help behavior therapists recognize the utility and potential of these new developments. To make advances in behavior theory relevant for behavior therapy, new theoretical concepts and
ปัจจัยทางชีวภาพ และสิ่งแวดล้อมในการผลิต และการตัดปรับการตอบสนอง เพิ่มเติม Pavlov เป็นผู้บุกเบิกชุดของขั้นตอนทดลอง เรียกว่าปรับ ที่อนุญาตให้ผู้ตามใช้ความร่ำรวยของวิธีเข้าใจปฐมกาลของบางรูปแบบ neurotic พฤติกรรม และการบำบัดพฤติกรรมแข็ง ตรวจ สอบ empirically regimens เช่นระบบ desensitizationThe applied legacy of Pavlov can be summarized by reviewing, as Eysenck (1988) has detailed, some of the major differences between Freudian psychotherapy and behavior therapy. In line with the rigor of Pavlov’s experimental method, behavior therapy, according to Eysenck, is based on a consistent theory leading to testable deductions (some of which have been discussed in this paper); it is derived from experimental studies (such as Wolpe’s experiments on conditioning and counter-conditioning); behavior therapists consider symptoms as unadaptive conditioned responses (similar to Wolpe’s definition of “experimental neuroses”); behavior therapists believe that symptomatology is determined in part by accidental environmental circumstances (as seen in the basic procedures employed by Pavlov and his students); all treatment of neurotic disorders is concerned with habits existing at present (as exemplified by our discussion of systematic desensitization); “cures” in behavior therapy are achieved by treating the symptom itself, that is, by extinguishing unadaptive CRs and establishing desirable CRs (again, exemplified by systematic desensitization); symptomatic treatment leads to permanent recovery provided autonomic as well as skeletal CRs are extinguished (as seen in Wolpe’s focus on reciprocal inhibition and learning); and personal relations are not essential for cures, although they may be useful (especially as a source of social reinforcement). The debt that modern behavior therapy owes to the prolific and heuristic research paradigm generated by Pavlov, and extended by his students such as Eroféeva and Shenger- Krestovnikova, is both significant and enduring. Not only did Pavlov provide much of the intellectual impetus for the founding of the behavior therapy movement, but the conditioning-based procedures he pioneered continue to provide a stimulus for theoretical and procedural refinements for modern behavior therapy. As Eifert and Plaud (1998) conclude in their analysis of the relevance of behavior theory for behavior therapy, while the behavior therapy movement has been a notable achievement in the history of psychological science, and the behaviorisms (such as Pavlovian behaviorism) have made important contributions to the growing success of behavior therapy, the field will ultimately be more successful if it continues to draw upon the resources created by recent advances in basic behavioral theory and research. It is clear that the Pavlovian paradigm offers the resources required to build conceptual, methodological, and practical bridges that help behavior therapists recognize the utility and potential of these new developments. To make advances in behavior theory relevant for behavior therapy, new theoretical concepts and
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