On the basis of people’s participation level, four models have been developed by researchers
to describe qualities of governance, which are: 1) Managerial model- top down approach of
implementation, marginal scope of people’s participation 2) Legislative model- decision
making process initiated from the top to develop a common agenda through consulting the
people, 3) Limited community participation model- engage community to open up the
decision making process that finally generates harmony within the governing body and/ or
within the community, and 4) Community empowerment model- bottom up approach that
happens because of extensive community participation (Gibson, Lacy & Dougherty 2005).