The cognitive behavioral theory was utilized by two reviewed studies Albrect et al., (2006), and Peden et al. (2008) [18, 19].
Cognitive behavioral theory is based on an individual’s ability to learn new skills and apply learned rules to solve
problems. “Cognitive behavioral strategies aim to decrease self-defeating behavior, such as smoking, by altering
maladaptive perceptions through social support and therapeutic relationship, goal setting, reeducation, and urge control
with an emphasis on teaching behavior control techniques” [18]. Diminishing negative thoughts, giving women tools to beat
nicotine cravings, educating women on why a behavior change is necessary, and increasing self-efficacy could assist
pregnant women in achieving abstinence from smoking [19]. Two studies used the social cognitive theory, including Patten
et al. (2010) and Vries et al. (2006) [6, 10]. This theory states that behaviors are learned through observation and personality,
and represents a clinical approach to behavior change [21]. Bandura demonstrated the effects of the social cognitive theory
by exposing children to a video showing aggressive and violent behaviors, and then placed the children in a room with a
doll to see how they acted. The children who had seen the video reacted more violently and aggressively than the children
who did not. The Patten et al. (2010) and Vries et al. (2006) studies used the social cognitive theory by distributing
audio/video material to their participants