Study participants. In Study 1, 158 senior leaders (63 percent of those invited) in a large health-care company that had participated in a customized executive education program at an East Coast business school served as research subjects for a vignette-based experiment. Because the sample included long-tenured employees who had experienced a great deal of organizational change, it was possible to constructexperimental scenarios to which they could easily relate and about which they could respond based on past experience. Over 75 percent reported having experienced a comparable situation at least once in the past.