The results showed that cassava-based PLA resin had a much higher GHG emissions than sugarcane- and
corn-based PLA. This can be explained that both the sugarcane- and corn-based PLA took into account the CO2 uptake during the plant growth, while CO2 uptake during the cassava cultivation of the cassava-based PLA was not included since CO2 uptake was released into the atmosphere at the end-of-life of the PLA product. However, the overall GWP can be lowered by improvement options proposed in this study which are improved utilization of wastewater from cassava starch plant to produce biogas for steam and electricity production, and applying a CHP system in the PLA plant.