I adopt an information processing view of design, largely consistent with that articulated
by Herbert Simon in the 1960s (1996). From this perspective, design is part of a human
problem-solving activity beginning with a perception of a gap in a user experience, leading
to a plan for a new artifact, and resulting in the production of that artifact (Exhibit 1-9).3
This problem-solving process includes both design and production of the artifact. Design
transforms a gap into a plan, which might, for instance, be represented with drawings,
computer models, recipes, or parameter values. Production transforms a plan into an
artifact.