Determination of phenolic content The total phenolic content of F-I was determined by a modifi- cation of the Folin-Ciocalteu method already reported (Furuta and others 1998). Namely, 1.0 mL of 10% Folin-Ciocalteu solution was added to 1.0 mL of a sample solution. The concentration of ethanol in the sample solution was set at 40% by adding water and/or ethanol. After an interval of 3 min, 2.0 mL of a 10% sodi- um carbonate aqueous solution was added. The mixture was al- lowed to stand for 1 h at ambient temperature, and the absor- bance was then measured at 750 nm. The phenolic content was expressed as a ChA equivalent.