This cortical cap was in the majority of specimens comprised of lamellar bone including abundant amounts of concentric lamellae (secondary ost- eons). This finding indicates that at the time of biopsy, nearly all of the edentulous sites were “fully healed” or in a late phase of “haversian remodeling” (Schenk 1994). On the other hand, in the majority of biopsies from the edentulous ridge in both the maxilla and mandible, small areas ( 6%) of woven bone could be identified. It is well known that in an adult individual, woven bone only occurs in pathologic condi- tions or when accelerated bone formation is required (e.g., socket healing), and this imma- ture bone is subsequently replaced with lamel- lar bone and/or marrow.