schultheisz and karpati (1948) summarise tech-nology improvements rslating to water use and waste minmisation in the US up to 1977. the trend is clearly towards the choice to processes which reduec waste quantity and stremgth, particularly improved blood recovery, dry paunch dumping and regulatted water use.Unfortunately, more recent sur-veys are not available. The emergence of low-temperature edible-rendering systems has beem especially constrained by the very strong wastewater generated (Cooper & Russell, 1998)