Intrauterinehypoxia
- placental insufficiency
- SGA, postterm
- Toxemia of pregnancy, drug เช่น propranolol - Congenital infection : TORCH
- Severe maternal disease : โรคไต โรคหัวใจ
- Maternal smoking 1.2 Endocrine disorders
- Hyperinsulinism : maternal diabetes
- Neonatal hyperthyroidism hypothyroidism - Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
1.3 Chromosome abnormalities : trisomy 13, 18, 21
2. Red cell transfusion
2.1 placental to fetus transfusion - late cord clamping
- infant is kept below placenta before cord clamping
- intrauterine asphyxia 2.2 Twin to twin transfusion 2.3 Maternal – fetal transfusion