The primary objective in nature conservation is to preserve the evolutionary potential of species by maintaining as much
genetic diversity as possible. The population genetic structure and reproductive capacity of H. littoralis reported here have
significant implications for conservation strategies. The relatively strong genetic differentiation among populations indicates
that all H. littoralis populations in China should be included in comprehensive conservation projects. Because the Yanzao
population is the oldest and the Qinglan population is located on an isolated island and has the most mature individuals, these
two populations should be assigned priority for conservation. Because the Fangchenggang population differed substantially
from the other populations in China, it may have different origin and also deserves additional conservation attention. It is
essential, however, to protect all the existing populations of H. littoralis and its seeds and habitats in China. Although loss of
individuals or populations in some locations may not cause an immediate loss of genetic diversity, it may result in a decreased