Although peer coaching as a form of professional development is not a cure-all for weak science content knowledge, research does suggest that the residual benefits are evident for teachers. In a mentoring study, involving two middle school science teachers and a university professor, Appleton (2008) found that after peer coaching, teachers had not become experts in science content, but they could access the science content needed for the lessons they wanted to teach. Appleton concluded that in order to generate change in the science classroom, peer coaching in science should focus on classroom support to enhance pedagogical content knowledge. Such support is vital in an elementary classroom where materials and content knowledge are limited. Another science study was focused on a limited mentoring partnership between new, inexperienced elementary teachers and experienced teachers (Gustafson, Guilbert, & MacDonald, 2002). The beginning teachers explained that their most beneficial leaming came from their conversations with and observations of experienced teachers. As a result of these interactions, new teachers were able to gain professional knowledge and self-confidence in their own science instmctional practices