Third Generation (A.D. 1964-1970)
• Operating system software were introduced
• Cache and virtual memories were introduced
• High level language were standardized by ANSI e.g. ANSI FORTRAN, ANSI COBOL etc.
• Smaller computer
• High trustworthiness
• Keyboard and monitor
• Diskette and magnetic disk

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Generation
Key hardware technologies
Key software technologies
Key characteristics
Some representative systems
Third
• ICs with SSI and MSI technologies
• Larger magnetic cores memory
• Larger capacity disk and magnetic tapes secondary storage
• Minicomputer; upward compatible family of computer
• Timesharing operating
system
• Standardization
of high-level programming languages
• Unbundling of software form
hardware
• Faster, smaller, more reliable,
easier and cheaper to produce
• Commercially, easier to use,
and easier to upgrade than previous generation systems
• Scientific, commercial and interactive on line application
• IBM 360/370 • PDP-8
• PDP-11
• CDC 6600
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Forth Generation (A.D. 1971 to current)
• Microprocessors were introduced as CPU-complete processors and large section of main memory could be implemented in a single chip.
• Tens of thousands of transistors can be placed in a single chip (VLSI design implemented)
• CRT screen, laser & ink jet printers, scanners were developed.
IBM-PC
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• Semiconductor memory chips were used as the main memory.
• Secondary memory was composed of hard disks – Floppy disks & magnetic
tapes were used for backup memory.
• Parallelism, pipelining cache memory and virtual memory were applied in better way.
• LAN and WANS were developed.
• Introduced C language and Unix OS.
• Introduced Graphical User Interface
• Less power consumption.
• High performance, lower cost and very compact.
• Much increase in the speed of operation.
• Examples are Apple Macintosh and IBM PC.
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Fifth Generation: (Current & Future)
• Artificial Intelligence (AI)
• Not start but still in a planning plan
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What is a Computer?
• An electronic device that is programmed to accept data, process data into useful information and store it for later use.
• Computer consists of hardware and software.
• Software is a set of instructions that tells a computer what to do.
• Hardware is the physical part of a computer e.g. keyboard, mouse etc.
• Relationship between hardware and software.
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Computer
CPU
Hardware
Memory
I/O Etc.
Software
System Application Software Software
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Computer components
• Input Devices
• Output Devices
• System Devices
• Storage Devices
• Communication Devices
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Input Devices
• The input device that are used to enter data and instructions into the computers.
• Most commonly used input devices are Keyboard and Mouse
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Output Devices
• Output devices are used to display processed data to the user.
• Most commonly used output devices are Monitor, printer and speakers.
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System Unit
• It’s a box that contains different components of a computer system.
• All electronic components in the system unit are connected to motherboard.
• Important components of system units are: Central Processing Unit (Processor) and Memory.
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Storage Devices
• These are used to store data permanently even when the computer is turned off.
• Example: Floppy Disk, Hard disk, CD-ROM
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Communication Devices
• A communication device is a hardware component that enables a computer to send and receive data, instructions and information to, and from one or more computer.
• A widely used communication device is Modem
• Wired media
• Wireless media
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Computer components: Hardware
Webcam (Input Device)
Monitor (Output Device)
System unit (Processor, Memory and Storage Device)
CD/DVD (Storage Device)
Hard disk (Storage Device)
Printer (Output Device)
Microphone (Output Device)
Mouse (Input Device)
Mouse (Input Device)
Speaker (Output Device)
Modem (Communication Device)
Scanner (Input Device)
Memory card reader (Storage Device)
External HD (Storage Device)
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Computer in Society
• Home
• Education
• Small business
• Industry
• Government
• Health care
• Banking
• Communication
• Police Department
• Retail
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Advantage and disadvantage
• Speed
• Reliability
• Consistency
• Storage
• Communication
• Violate personality
• Security effect
• Labor effect
• Healthy effect
• Environment effect
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Computer Type
Criterion
Computer Type
Type of use
● Generalpurposecomputer ● Special purpose computer
Size and Capacity
● Supercomputer
● Mainframecomputer ● Microcomputer
● Handheldcomputer
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Type of use: General purpose computer
● A general purpose computer is one that, given the appropriate application and required time, should be able to perform most common computing tasks.
● Personal computers, including desktops, notebooks, smartphones and tablets.
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Type of use: Special purpose computer
● Use for special purpose, can't use with other tasks, not flexible
then have limitation used but high capacity.
● Electronic equipment in factory e.g. automatic control, automatic machinery, robot, etc.
● Expensive and use only in company or department that concern with it.
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Size & capacity: Supercomputer
● Is the most powerful computer or is called High Performance Computer
● 10,000 CPUs for processor with in the racks
● They are used for many scientific and technical applications, including weather forecasting and automotive design, and are also used to generate the extremely realistic graphics seen in many movie special effects.
● weather forecasting, climate research, nuclear weapon,
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Size & capacity: Mainframe computer
• Are computers used primarily by large organizations for centralize business functions such as accounting, inventory control, industry and consumer statistics, transaction processing
• Large storage and process many tasks at the same time.
• Best for large organization or organization has many branches such
as Bank, Airline, Industry
• be maintained and operated by a highly trained staff of specialists.
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Minicomputer/ Workstation
• Are less powerful than mainframe computers and are any where from refrigerator size to desktop size.
• They are frequently used by small companies or by departments within large corporations.
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Size & capacity: Microcomputer
• Is a complete computer on a smaller scale and is generally a synonym for the more common term, personal computer or PC, a computer designed for an individual.
• Is a small, relatively inexpensive computer with a microprocessor as its central processing unit (CPU).
• It includes a microprocessor, memory, and input/output (I/O) facilities.
• PC, Laptop, Netbook
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Size & Capacity: Handheld computer
• Are the smallest of all computers.
• They have very small keyboards, so they can not be easily used for word processing or other applications that require you to enter a lot of data.
• Their small size makes them useful in many special applications. For example, salespeople use them to record customer’s inventories, make calculation, maintain appointment schedules, and store phone number and address
• Tablet, Smart phone, handheld computer
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Today computers
• Desktop
• Notebook
• Ultrabook
• Netbook
• Tablet
• Smart phone