Many industrial processes, such as mining, metal plating, or
pigment and battery manufacturing, result in the release of heavy
metals to aquatic ecosystems. Heavy metals are toxic pollutants,
which can accumulate in living tissues causing various diseases and
disorders. Removal of toxic contaminants from wastewaters is one of
the most important environmental issues. Since all heavy metals are
non-biodegradable, they must be removed from the polluted streams
for the environmental quality standards to be met.
Many physicochemical methods have been developed for the
removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions, such as extraction,
ion exchange, chemical precipitation and membrane separation
processes. These methods have several disadvantages like high
operating costs, low selectivity, incomplete removal, and production
of large quantities of wastes. Conventional methods are limited by
technical and economical barriers, especially when concentration of
metals in the wastewater is low (under 100 ppm). Development of
efficient and low-cost separation processes is therefore of utmost
importance.
Many industrial processes, such as mining, metal plating, orpigment and battery manufacturing, result in the release of heavymetals to aquatic ecosystems. Heavy metals are toxic pollutants,which can accumulate in living tissues causing various diseases anddisorders. Removal of toxic contaminants from wastewaters is one ofthe most important environmental issues. Since all heavy metals arenon-biodegradable, they must be removed from the polluted streamsfor the environmental quality standards to be met.Many physicochemical methods have been developed for theremoval of heavy metals from aqueous solutions, such as extraction,ion exchange, chemical precipitation and membrane separationprocesses. These methods have several disadvantages like highoperating costs, low selectivity, incomplete removal, and productionof large quantities of wastes. Conventional methods are limited bytechnical and economical barriers, especially when concentration ofmetals in the wastewater is low (under 100 ppm). Development ofefficient and low-cost separation processes is therefore of utmostimportance.
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