Nanomaterials (e.g. nanotubes,nanowires, nanobelts, and nanoparticles) are dispersed in a polymer solution, a volume of solution is expanded as a bubble using a die, and then BBFs are transferred to substrates, including crystalline wafers, plastic sheets, curved surfaces, and open frames. The black straight lines illustrated in the solution and bubble films represent onedimensional nanomaterials such as nanowires or nanotubes.